The vertical tire force (Fz) can be calculated as a linear function of the normal tire deflection (z) measured at the tire center.
Fz = kz*z
the coefficient kz is call tire stiffness in the z direction. Similarly, the reaction of a tire to a lateral and longitudinal force can be approximated by
Fx = kx*x
Fy = ky*y
When kx , ky are called tire stiffness in the x and y directions.
The stiffness curve can be influenced by many parameter. The most effective one is the tire inflation pressure. Lateral and longitudinal force/deflection behavior is also determined experimentally by applying a force in the apporiate direction. The lateral and longitudinal force are limited by the sliding force when the tire is vertically loaded. The coefficient kx and ky are called tire stiffness . They are measured by the slope of the experimental stiffness curve. When the longitudinal and lateral force increases, part of the tire footprint creep and slide on the ground until the whole tire footprint starts sliding. At this point. the applied force saturates and reaches its maximum supportable value. Generally, a tire is most stiff in the longitudinal direction and least stiff in the lateral direction.
kx > kz > ky
Tire with a larger of plies have higher damping, because the plies’ internal friction generate the damping. Tire damping decreases by increasing speeds.
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